Goldman Cardiac Risk Index Calculator

Original Goldman multifactorial cardiac risk index for non-cardiac surgery (0–53).

For educational and clinical reference. Not a substitute for medical judgment. See the medical disclaimer.

Age > 70 years

Myocardial infarction in the past 6 months

S3 gallop or jugular venous distension

Significant aortic stenosis

Rhythm other than sinus, or premature atrial contractions on last preop ECG

> 5 premature ventricular contractions/min documented at any time

Poor general medical status (metabolic, renal, hepatic, or bedridden)

Intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, or aortic surgery

Emergency operation

Score

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Interpretation

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References

Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(16):845-850.

How to use

Select each of the nine Goldman factors that applies.
The weighted total and Goldman class (I–IV) update instantly.
Use alongside the RCRI and current guideline algorithms for preoperative assessment.

Frequently asked questions

What is the Goldman Cardiac Risk Index?

The original (1977) multifactorial index estimating perioperative cardiac complications in non-cardiac surgery from 9 weighted clinical factors.

How are the Goldman classes interpreted?

Class I (0–5 points) is low risk; risk rises through Class II–III to Class IV (≥ 26 points), which carries very high cardiac mortality.

Goldman vs RCRI?

The Lee Revised Cardiac Risk Index superseded Goldman for most contemporary preoperative risk assessment; Goldman remains of historical and educational value.

Is the index still valid?

It identifies high-risk patients but modern perioperative care has lowered absolute event rates; use it alongside current ACC/AHA or ESC algorithms.

Last updated June 28, 2026